Chapter 1: Introduction
Definition of Anatomy
Anatomy: from Latin ana (apart) + tomy (to cut). The study of the structure, location, and form of the organs and systems that make up the human body.
Physiology: from Latin physio (nature) + logy (study). The study of the specific functions (mechanisms) of body systems and organs.
Anatomy and physiology are inseparably linked.
Types of Anatomy
Human Anatomy
Gross Anatomy
Regional Anatomy (limbs, torso, head)
Systemic Anatomy (bones, muscles, respiratory, nervous)
Microscopic Anatomy
Histology
Cytology
Developmental Anatomy
Embryology
Characteristics of Humans
Large, well-developed brain
Bipedalism: S-shaped spinal column, arched foot
Opposable thumbs
Well-developed vocal structure
Stereoscopic vision
Body Composition
Cell: The basic structural and functional unit of a living organism.
Tissue: A group of similar cells performing a common function.
Organ: A state where various tissues combine appropriately for a specific function.
Body Systems
Integumentary System (Skin): Provides external support and protection, and is related to skin diseases (diabetes, prolonged bed rest, burns).
Skeletal System: Provides internal support, protects organs, serves as leverage for movement, produces blood, and stores minerals.
Muscular System: Responsible for voluntary and involuntary movement and heat production.
Lymphatic System: Involved in immunity, fat absorption, and tissue fluid recovery.
Endocrine System: Secretes hormones for chemical regulation.
Urinary System: Filters blood, maintains blood volume, and excretes waste.
Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange between blood and the external environment.
Nervous System: Coordinates and regulates all body systems.
Circulatory System: Essential for cell survival, substance transport, and waste removal.
Digestive System: Breaks down and absorbs food.
Female Reproductive System: Produces female hormones and ova, and is responsible for fertilization, implantation, and fetal development.
Male Reproductive System: Produces male hormones and sperm, and is responsible for sperm delivery.
Body Regions
Head: Includes the facial region (eyes, nose, mouth) and the cranial region.
Neck: The area from below the face to the clavicle.
Torso: Includes the chest, abdomen, pelvis, genitalia, and buttocks.
Arm: Comprised of the shoulder, upper arm, forearm (divided by the elbow), and hand.
Leg: Comprised of the hip, thigh (upper leg), knee, calf (lower leg), and foot.
Body Cavities & Membranes
Mucous Membranes (Respiratory & Digestive Tracts): Have a lubricating function.
Serous Membranes (Thoracic & Abdominal Cavities): A tough membrane that provides external protection and maintains the shape of the organs.
Pleura: Visceral Pleura + Parietal Pleura. The space between the two is the Pleural Cavity.
Pericardium: Visceral Pericardium + Parietal Pericardium. The space between the two is the Pericardial Cavity.