Meridians, Acupoints, and Holistic Health Management in Korean Traditional Medicine
Korean Traditional Medicine (KTM) views the human body not merely as a collection of anatomical organs but as an integrated, organic system where internal organs (Jangbu), meridians, food, and mental activities are interconnected. This perspective differentiates it from Western medical approaches and forms the foundation for understanding and treating diseases from a holistic viewpoint. This report aims to provide a deep understanding of core KTM concepts such as Jangbu and meridians, as well as the crucial roles of food and mental activities, enabling learners to easily grasp complex traditional medical principles and apply them to daily life.
1. Fundamental Understanding of Korean Traditional Medicine
1.1 Holistic View of the Human Body: Organic Connection of Jangbu, Meridians, Food, and Mental Activities
KTM posits that all elements of the human body are interconnected, and their harmony determines health. Illness is interpreted as an imbalance in these organic relationships, and treatment focuses on restoring overall balance rather than merely eliminating symptoms.
1.1.1 Jangbu (臟腑): Functional Units and Five-Element (五行) Relationships
In traditional medicine, Jangbu refers to functional units of life activity beyond mere anatomical structures. Each Jangbu performs unique functions and belongs to one of the Five Elements (wood, fire, earth, metal, water), forming a complex network of mutual generation (相生) and mutual overcoming (相剋).
- Lung (肺): Governs respiration and manages Qi (氣). It corresponds to Metal (金) in the Five Elements and is closely connected to the nose. Problems with lung function can manifest as coughs, asthma, chest tightness, and arm pain.
- Large Intestine (大腸): Absorbs water from food waste and forms and excretes feces. It corresponds to Metal (金) and is deeply related to abdominal strength. Heat in the large intestine can lead to hard stools, while cold can result in loose stools.
- Stomach (胃): Plays a central role in digesting food and distributing nutrients throughout the body. It corresponds to Earth (土) and is considered essential for overall physical health.
- Spleen (脾): Transports nutrients (five flavors) derived from food throughout the body and governs water absorption and excretion. It corresponds to Earth (土) and is closely linked to the condition of muscles and lips. Spleen dysfunction can lead to indigestion, weight loss, and abnormal symptoms in the mouth and lips.
- Heart (心臟): Governs mental activities and circulates blood and Qi throughout the body, providing vitality. It corresponds to Fire (火) and is greatly influenced by mental and emotional states.
- Small Intestine (小腸): Absorbs digested nutrients and forms a Biao-Li (exterior-interior) relationship with the Heart.
- Bladder (膀胱): Stores and excretes urine. It corresponds to Water (水) and has a Biao-Li relationship with the Kidney.
- Kidney (腎臟): Filters blood to produce urine and stores Jing (精), the fundamental nutritive substance for life activities. It governs bones and bone marrow and is believed to be responsible for strength and dexterity. It corresponds to Water (水).
- Pericardium (心包): Envelops and protects the Heart from external influences and carries out the Heart’s commands. It is considered a Jangbu without physical form but with function, corresponding to Minor Fire (小火) in the Five Elements.
- Triple Energizer (三焦): Facilitates the smooth circulation of Qi (氣), water (水), and grains (food) within the body. It also lacks physical form but possesses function, acting like a “drainage system” that circulates Qi and regulates water metabolism.
- Liver (肝): Generates new blood, processes nutrients, and stores and regulates blood sugar. It corresponds to Wood (木) and is closely connected to the condition of the eyes and muscles.
- Gallbladder (膽): Regulates various dysfunctions within the body and governs judgment. It corresponds to Wood (木) and forms a Biao-Li relationship with the Liver.
In traditional medicine, Jangbu signifies functional centers of life activity that extend beyond mere physical organs. Organs classified as “Jangbu without physical form but with function,” such as the Pericardium and Triple Energizer, emphasize the body’s energy flow and overall systemic regulation. This indicates that traditional medicine’s diagnosis and treatment do not solely target anatomical damage but focus on correcting invisible energy imbalances. For instance, a diagnosis of a liver problem might imply not only an actual liver disease but also an imbalance in the energy system governed by the liver, which can manifest as emotional symptoms.
The “Biao-Li meridian” relationship and the “Five Elements mutual generation and overcoming” principles are crucial for understanding disease progression and formulating treatment strategies. They highlight that a problem in one Jangbu or meridian can have a ripple effect on others, leading to systemic symptoms. For example, the Lung (Metal) and Large Intestine (Metal) have a Biao-Li relationship, and the Kidney (Water) nourishes the Liver (Wood) (Water generates Wood). Therefore, if kidney function weakens, it can affect liver function, making it important to consider kidney function when liver-related symptoms appear. This holistic perspective encourages understanding and addressing symptoms within the complex interplay of the body rather than in isolation.
Table 1: Five Elements and Jangbu Relationships of Mutual Generation and Overcoming
| Five Elements (五行) | Symbol | Jangbu (臟腑) | Mutual Generation (相生) | Mutual Overcoming (相剋) |
| Wood (木) | Tree | Liver, Gallbladder | Fire (火) | Earth (土) |
| Fire (火) | Fire | Heart, Small Intestine, Pericardium, Triple Energizer | Earth (土) | Metal (金) |
| Earth (土) | Earth | Spleen, Stomach | Metal (金) | Water (水) |
| Metal (金) | Metal | Lung, Large Intestine | Water (水) | Wood (木) |
| Water (水) | Water | Kidney, Bladder | Wood (木) | Fire (火) |
1.1.2 Meridians (經絡): Pathways of Qi and Blood (氣血)
Meridians are pathways through which Qi (氣) and Blood (血) flow, connecting the internal Jangbu with the external limbs. This circulation of Qi and Blood is essential for maintaining life activities, and each Jangbu is connected to its unique meridian. The circulation pathways of the meridians and the acupoints (穴位) located on them serve as important indicators for the prevention and treatment of specific diseases.
Meridians are not merely theoretical lines but practical human maps used for diagnosis and treatment. For example, tenderness or abnormal reactions along a specific meridian can indicate an imbalance in the Jangbu connected to that meridian. Furthermore, acupoints on these meridians are stimulated to regulate the flow of Qi and Blood for treating specific diseases. It is believed that illness occurs when the flow of Qi and Blood is blocked or deficient, and resolving these imbalances through meridians is central to treatment. This highlights traditional medicine’s view of the body’s energy flow as a crucial element of health.
1.1.3 Food (飮食): Medicine for Disease Prevention and Treatment
In Korean Traditional Medicine, food is not merely a means of nutritional intake but is regarded as an important medicinal substance for disease prevention and treatment. Each food possesses unique properties (warm, cold, neutral, etc.) and tastes (sour, bitter, sweet, pungent, salty), and these characteristics influence the function of specific Jangbu.
Detailed information on beneficial foods for each Jangbu is provided, demonstrating the precision of traditional medicine in tailoring diets according to an individual’s constitution and current Jangbu imbalances. For example, while ginseng, Schisandra berry, deodeok, and balloon flower root are mentioned as good for the lungs, ginseng is warm in nature and should be used with caution by individuals with excessive heat or high blood pressure. Schisandra berry is also cautioned against for those in an excited state, with stomach ulcers, or high blood pressure. Such detailed guidelines signify a precise approach that considers not just “what to eat” but “who, in what condition, and how to eat.” This reflects traditional medicine’s profound understanding that food interacts with an individual’s unique internal environment to exert therapeutic effects.
The extensive information on food, along with various consumption methods like decoctions, powders, pills, malt syrup, and medicinal alcohol, emphasizes that food possesses powerful therapeutic value beyond simple ingredients. This implies that daily dietary choices are a crucial form of self-treatment or preventive management that continuously impacts disease prevention and treatment. In other words, in traditional medicine, diet is considered a fundamental yet potent tool for maintaining and restoring health, sometimes preceding or complementing acupuncture and herbal medicine treatments.
1.1.4 Mental Activities (精神活動): Impact on Health
Mental activities are believed to have a profound impact on human health. Stress, anger, depression, excessive thinking, and other emotional states can lead to dysfunction in specific Jangbu, which then manifests as physical symptoms. The Heart is the Jangbu that governs the mind, and emotional shocks can directly affect heart function. For example, excessive worry can cause insomnia, and anger can affect the Liver, leading to Liver Qi Stagnation (肝氣鬱結).
Traditional medicine views the connection between mind and body not as a mere philosophical concept but as a direct causal relationship in disease development. Emotional imbalance is not simply a result of physical symptoms but can be a fundamental cause that directly disrupts Jangbu function and meridian flow. This is why a patient’s emotional state is carefully assessed during diagnosis, and psychological or emotional regulation techniques are included in treatment plans.
This understanding that mental activities directly influence physical health has significant implications for treatment approaches. In cases of emotionally induced illnesses, merely treating physical symptoms may lead to recurrence or incomplete healing. Therefore, traditional medicine employs integrated treatment approaches, including acupuncture, herbal medicine, dietary therapy, as well as counseling, stress management, and emotional regulation training, to help patients restore overall health. This demonstrates traditional medicine’s characteristic holistic approach, encompassing physical, mental, and emotional factors.
2. Understanding the Twelve Meridians
The Twelve Meridians are the main pathways through which Qi and Blood flow in the human body, connecting with each Jangbu and circulating throughout the entire body. These meridians form the core basis of acupuncture and moxibustion treatment, and understanding their circulation pathways, main acupoints, related pathologies, and beneficial foods provides important guidance for health management.
2.1 Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin (手太陰肺經)
The Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin begins in the Middle Energizer (chest area), descends to the Large Intestine, ascends to the Stomach, passes through the diaphragm, and enters the Lung. It then reaches the trachea and throat, exits the armpit, follows the anterior border of the medial aspect of the arm to the Cunkou (wrist area) of the thumb. A branch separates from behind the wrist and goes to the radial side of the index finger, connecting with the Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming.
Key acupoints include Zhongfu, Yunmen, Tianfu, Xiabai, Chize, Kongzui, Lieque, Jingqu, Taiyuan, Yuji, and Shaoshang. These acupoints are used to treat cough, asthma, chest pain, throat swelling and pain, arm pain, shoulder and back pain, and stomach pain.
Beneficial foods for the lungs include ginseng, Schisandra berry, deodeok, balloon flower root, tangerine peel, unripe bitter orange, walnut kernel, apricot kernel, peach, millet, milk, egg white, green onion (white root and stem), water celery, ginkgo nut, radish, seaweed, pear, burdock, and mustard. Each food has various effects such as nourishing lung function, stopping coughs, resolving phlegm, and quenching thirst. For example, ginseng protects Qi, nourishes the spleen and lungs, promotes body fluid production, quenches thirst, and calms the spirit. However, it should not be used by individuals with excessive heat or high blood pressure.
The way each meridian is connected to specific Jangbu, symptoms, and beneficial foods clearly demonstrates the integrated perspective of traditional medicine. The harmonious flow of Qi and Blood is key to maintaining health, imbalances manifest as specific symptom patterns, and these can be holistically managed through acupoint stimulation and diet. For example, if symptoms like cough, asthma, and chest tightness appear, traditional medicine immediately considers acupoints and foods related to the Lung meridian for treatment.
The detailed presentation of beneficial foods for each Jangbu, along with their properties, suggests that diet is an important component of preventive medicine, not just a treatment for existing diseases. This emphasizes that by understanding one’s constitutional characteristics and the strengths and weaknesses of their Jangbu, individuals can actively maintain their health through daily dietary choices. The properties and precautions of foods (e.g., caution with ginseng for those with excessive heat) imply that food should be carefully selected based on an individual’s current condition and constitution, highlighting the importance of a preventive and personalized dietary approach.
2.2 Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming (手陽明大腸經)
The Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming begins at the radial side of the tip of the index finger, passes over the dorsum of the hand, follows the anterior border of the arm to the shoulder. It passes through Dazhui acupoint, descends anteriorly to the supraclavicular fossa (Quepen). Here, it divides into two branches: one enters the Lung meridian in the chest, passes through the diaphragm, and enters the Large Intestine. The other branch ascends from the supraclavicular fossa, passes through the neck and face, enters the lower teeth, circles the mouth and upper lip, and crosses to the opposite side of the nose (connecting with the Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming).
Key acupoints include Shangyang, Erjian, Sanjian, Hegu, Yangxi, Pianli, Wenliu, Xialian, Shanglian, Shousanli, Quchi, Shouwuili, Binao, Jianyu, Gugu, Tianding, Futu, Heliao, and Yingxiang. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat lower tooth pain, throat swelling and pain, dry mouth, neck swelling and tightness, blurred vision, nasal obstruction, clear nasal discharge, and pain in the anterior shoulder and arm.
Beneficial foods for the large intestine include pomegranate peel, steamed and dried plums, green onion, wheat, cabbage, milk, sesame oil, mulberry, rabbit meat, acorn, millet, persimmon, spinach, apple, and barberry seeds. For example, pomegranate peel acts on the large intestine and kidney to stop diarrhea and bleeding.
2.3 Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming (足陽明胃經)
The Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming begins at the sides of the nose, passes through the inner canthus of the eye, below the lower eyelid, and enters the upper teeth. It then circles the mouth and lips, meets the opposite meridian at Chengjiang acupoint, and distributes over the forehead anterior to the ear. It then descends along the cheek, passes through the neck, and enters the supraclavicular fossa (Quepen). Here, it divides into two branches: one passes through the diaphragm in the chest and descends to the inguinal region. The other branch passes through the nipple, descends along the abdomen, and the two branches meet again in the inguinal region. It then descends along the lateral aspect of the leg, passes over the dorsum of the foot, and reaches the tip of the second toe. From these two branches, a third branch extends perpendicularly: one begins below the knee at Zusanli acupoint and extends to the lateral tip of the third toe, and the other extends from the dorsum of the foot to the medial tip of the big toe, connecting with the Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin.
Key acupoints include Chengqi, Sibai, Juliao, Dicang, Daying, Jiache, Xiaguan, Touwei, Renying, Shutou, Qishe, Quepen, Qihu, Kubang, Wuyi, Yingchuang, Ruzhong, Rugen, Burong, Chengman, Liangmen, Guanmen, Taiyi, Huaroumen, Tianshu, Wailing, Daju, Shuidou, Guilai, Qichong, Biguan, Futu, Yinshi, Liangqiu, Dubi, Zusanli, Shangjuxu, Tiaokou, Xiajuxu, Fenglong, Jiexi, Chongyang, Hamgu, Neiting, and Lidui. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat high fever with sweating and nosebleeds, lip rashes, facial paralysis, throat pain, neck pain, palpitations, mania, abdominal distension, ascites, borborygmus, and pain or motor dysfunction in the lateral leg and dorsum of the foot.
The stomach corresponds to the ‘Earth’ element in the Five Elements and plays a central role in digesting all food. It is believed that a strong stomach is essential for overall physical health and for the effective absorption of medicines. For the stomach, seasonal and local foods are particularly emphasized. Seasonal foods are rich in necessary nutrients, and locally produced foods can be consumed fresh without unnecessary chemical processing, which is considered beneficial for the body.
The detailed dietary therapy for stomach disorders demonstrates how much traditional medicine values personalized nutritional intervention based on specific pathological conditions and patient constitutions. For example, for acute gastritis, it is recommended to fast for 1-2 days, then start with rice porridge and broth, gradually transitioning to a normal diet. For chronic gastritis, it is advised to avoid foods that irritate the gastric mucosa, overeating, binge drinking, hot or cold foods, alcohol, spices, coffee, and tobacco. For stomach ulcers, regular living and eating in a stable environment are emphasized, and when pain is severe, soft, easily digestible foods should be consumed in small, frequent portions, along with sufficient intake of protein, iron, and vitamin C-rich foods. These detailed guidelines highlight the importance of precise dietary therapy to rebalance specific pathological states of the digestive system, beyond just a healthy diet.
Furthermore, mentioning lifestyle factors such as binge drinking, overeating, poor chewing habits, and stress as causes of stomach disorders shows that traditional medicine adopts a proactive and comprehensive lifestyle management approach to digestive health. This implies that not only diet but also emotional management and daily habits should be integrated into treatment strategies. Presenting folk remedies for digestive issues like constipation, such as makgeolli, fibrous vegetables, drinking water on an empty stomach in the morning, and abdominal massage, indicates that traditional medicine values practical home-based health management methods.
2.4 Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin (足太陰脾經)
The Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin begins at the medial tip of the big toe, passes the medial malleolus of the ankle, and ascends anterior to the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin. It then follows the medial aspect of the leg into the abdomen, enters the Spleen, connects with the Stomach, passes through the diaphragm, and enters the chest. It ascends along the throat, connects with the root of the tongue, and spreads under the tongue. Another separate branch ascends from the stomach, connects with the Heart, and joins the Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin.
Key acupoints include Yinbai, Dadu, Taibai, Gongsun, Shangqiu, Sanyinjiao, Lougu, Diji, Yinlingquan, Xuehai, Jimen, Chongmen, Fushe, Fujie, Dahang, Fuai, Shidou, Tianxi, Xiongxiang, Zhourong, and Dabao. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat stiffness of the tongue, vomiting and belching after meals, general fatigue and lack of energy, a heavy feeling in the body, abdominal distension and fullness with loose stools, swelling, pain, coldness, and numbness in the medial aspect of the lower limbs, and motor dysfunction of the big toe.
Beneficial foods for the spleen include tangerine peel, lamb, jujube, dried persimmon, porridge, malt syrup, glutinous rice, millet, aged rice, melon stem, glutinous rice, yeast, honey, beef, garlic, coix seed, crucian carp, dog meat, mallow, and licorice.
The extensive list of digestive symptoms (vomiting, belching, abdominal distension, diarrhea, indigestion, weight loss) and water metabolism imbalances (edema, coldness) associated with the Spleen meridian emphasizes the Spleen’s crucial role in traditional medicine as the “foundation of acquired Qi” (後天之氣) for transforming and transporting nutrients and water. This shows that the Spleen is not merely a digestive organ but a central Jangbu that significantly influences overall vitality and metabolism.
In particular, the close relationship between the Spleen and the condition of muscles and lips (e.g., “If the Spleen is affected, it appears on the mouth and lips, causing indigestion and weight loss”) presents a unique diagnostic method in traditional medicine. This means that assessing the color or texture of the lips, or muscle strength, can provide direct clues about Spleen health, serving as an important diagnostic indicator even when digestive symptoms are not prominent. Such observations demonstrate that the functional definition of the Spleen extends beyond mere digestion to encompass overall nutritional status and the health of bodily tissues.
2.5 Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin (手少陰心經)
The Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin begins in the Heart and connects with the Heart System (心系). From the Heart System, it branches into three: one branch passes through the diaphragm and descends to the Small Intestine, another branch passes through the bronchial area and connects with the Eye System (목계), and yet another branch passes through the Lung, goes to the armpit, and follows the posterior border of the medial aspect of the arm to the ulnar side of the tip of the little finger, connecting with the Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang.
Key acupoints include Jiquan, Qingling, Shaohai, Lingdao, Tongli, Yinxi, Shenmen, Shaofu, and Shaochong. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat epigastric pain, chest pain, dry throat, thirst, pain in the posterior aspect of the arm, coldness of the body, and heat in the palms.
Beneficial foods for the heart include apricot, egg, Godeulppaegi (Korean lettuce), red bean, grape, carrot, chili pepper, jujube, watermelon, pumpkin, mung bean, barley, millet, goat meat, ginkgo nut, chives, bitter greens, dandelion, mugwort, motherwort, tomato, and red ginseng. It is especially known that bitter and red-colored foods are beneficial for the heart, but excessive consumption of bitter foods can negatively affect other organs, so caution is advised.
The direct connection of the Heart meridian to symptoms such as mental disorders, insomnia, amnesia, and palpitations (anxiety) emphasizes the Heart’s central role in traditional medicine as the “Monarch Organ” (君主之官) that governs the mind. This means that psycho-emotional health is directly linked to the physiological state of the Heart. In other words, psychological symptoms are understood not merely as psychological problems but as physical manifestations of imbalances in the Heart and related Jangbu.
This understanding of the Heart’s role clearly demonstrates the mind-body connection through the fact that emotional shocks can directly affect heart function (e.g., “Emotional shocks can directly affect heart function” ). This provides a framework for traditional medicine to understand psychosomatic illnesses and suggests the need for an integrated approach that addresses not only physical symptoms but also psychological and emotional factors during treatment. For example, when experiencing palpitations, treatment might involve not only addressing the symptom itself but also managing underlying emotional stressors or strengthening the Heart’s physical function to enhance emotional stability.
2.6 Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang (手太陽小腸經)
The Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang begins at the ulnar side of the tip of the little finger, ascends along the posterior border of the lateral aspect of the arm. It passes below the posterior aspect of the shoulder, circles the scapula, and meets the Governing Meridian at Dazhui acupoint. It then turns anteriorly, enters the supraclavicular fossa (Quepen), and distributes within the chest. It connects with the Heart, continues to descend, passes through the diaphragm, enters the abdominal cavity, and enters the Small Intestine. A branch separates from Quepen acupoint, passes along the side of the neck, ascends to the face, reaches the outer canthus of the eye, and another branch separates from the face, reaches the inner canthus of the eye (Jingming acupoint), and connects with the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang.
Key acupoints include Shaoze, Qiangu, Houxi, Wangu, Yanggu, Yanglao, Zhizheng, Xiaohai, Jianzhen, Naoshu, Tianzong, Bingfeng, Quyuan, Jianwaiyu, Jianzhongyu, Tianchuang, Tianrong, Quanliao, and Tinggong. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat hearing loss, yellowing of the eyes, throat pain, swelling and pain in the lower jaw and neck with restricted movement, radiating pain in the shoulder and arm, and pain along the posterior border of the arm.
Beneficial foods for the small intestine include bracken and black bean boiled mallow juice. Bracken tastes sweet and is cold in nature. It acts on the spleen, heart, and small intestine, clearing heat, lubricating the intestines, descending Qi, and resolving phlegm.
The Small Intestine’s function of absorbing digested nutrients, its pairing with the Heart (Fire), and its meridian connection with the Bladder (Water) indicate that the Small Intestine plays a crucial role in “separating the clear from the turbid” (淸濁分離). That is, the Small Intestine absorbs clear nutrients and separates turbid waste, sending it to the Large Intestine and Bladder. This function also affects the color and quality of urine, and the explanation that heart dysfunction can lead to yellowing of urine suggests a close connection between the Small Intestine’s clear-turbid separation function and the Kidney-Bladder system.
The fact that the Small Intestine meridian circulates to the eyes, ears, and jaw area, and is associated with various symptoms such as hearing loss, yellowing of the eyes, throat pain, jaw and neck pain, and shoulder and arm pain, indicates that imbalances in the Small Intestine meridian can affect not only digestive symptoms but also distant sensory organs and the upper limb musculoskeletal system. This means that the Small Intestine meridian has a significant influence over a wide range of areas in the head and upper body.
2.7 Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang (足太陰膀胱經)
The Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang begins at the inner canthus of the eye, ascends to the forehead, and distributes over the top of the head and the corner of the ear. From the top of the head, it enters the skull, connects with the brain, descends to the neck, and divides into two branches. The first branch descends from the nape of the neck (1.5 cun lateral to the midline of the back) to the lumbar region, connects with the Kidney meridian, and enters the Bladder. From the lumbar region, it descends along the posterior aspect of the thigh and enters the popliteal fossa. The second branch descends from the nape of the neck, passes over the scapula, descends to the gluteal region (3 cun lateral to the midline of the back), and joins the first branch in the popliteal fossa. It then descends along the gastrocnemius muscle, passes behind the lateral malleolus of the ankle, and reaches the lateral tip of the little toe, where it meets the Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin.
Key acupoints include Jingming, Zanzhu, Meichong, Qucha, Wuchu, Chengguang, Tongtian, Luoque, Yuzhen, Tianzhu, Dazhu, Fengmen, Feishu, Jueyinshu, Xinshu, Dushu, Geshu, Ganshu, Danshu, Pishu, Weishu, Sanjiaoshu, Shenshu, Qihaiyu, Dachangshu, Guanyuan shu, Xiaochangshu, Pangguangshu, Zhonglushu, Baihuan shu, Shangliao, Ciliao, Zhongliao, Xialiao, Huiyang, Fufen, Pohu, Gaohuang, Shentang, Yixi, Geguan, Hunmen, Yanggang, Yishe, Weicang, Huangmen, Zhishi, Pohuang, Zhibian, Chengfu, Yinmen, Fuxi, Weiyang, Weizhong, Hanyang, Chengjin, Chengshan, Feiyang, Fuyang, Kunlun, Pushen, Shenmai, Jinmen, Jinggu, Shugu, Tonggu, and Zhiyin. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent or treat stiff pain in the head and neck, pain and motor dysfunction in the lumbar and back regions, eye pain, epilepsy, and pain or motor dysfunction in the posterior popliteal fossa, foot, and little toe.
The Bladder meridian contains numerous “Back-Shu points” (背腧穴) located on the back (e.g., Feishu, Xinshu, Ganshu, Shenshu, Pishu, Weishu, etc.), indicating that it is an important pathway for the Qi of the five Zang and six Fu organs to enter the back and lumbar region, serving as a key route for diagnosis and treatment. This means that the Bladder meridian acts as a central pathway for externally accessing the functions of internal organs. Tenderness or other abnormal reactions at the Back-Shu points directly reflect dysfunction in the corresponding Jangbu.
The circulation pathway of the Bladder meridian, starting from the head and extending along the spine to the lower limbs, and its association with symptoms such as headaches, neck stiffness, lumbar/back pain, sciatica, and various paralysis symptoms, indicate that the Bladder meridian is extremely important in affecting the nervous system (connection to the brain) and the entire musculoskeletal axis. Therefore, the Bladder meridian is a primary target for treating neurological and musculoskeletal disorders affecting the back and limbs.
2.8 Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin (足少陰腎經)
The Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin begins at the little toe, obliquely passes through the sole of the foot and below the medial malleolus of the ankle, and ascends along the posterior medial aspect of the leg. This meridian penetrates the spine, enters the Kidney, and connects with the Bladder. From the Kidney, it ascends, passes through the Liver and diaphragm muscles, enters the Lung, and meets the Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin. From within the Lung, two branches emerge: one connects with the Heart and distributes in the chest, and the other ascends along the neck to both sides of the root of the tongue.
Key acupoints include Yongquan, Rangu, Taixi, Dazhong, Shuiquan, Zhaohai, Fuliu, Jiaoxin, Zhubin, Yingu, Henggu, Dahe, Qixue, Siman, Zhongzhu, Huangshu, Shangqu, Shiguan, Yindu, Tonggu, Youmen, Bulang, Shenfeng, Lingxu, Shencang, Yuzhong, and Shufu. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat asthma with shortness of breath, hemoptysis (coughing up blood), dizziness, palpitations, fright, fear, dry mouth, swollen, painful, and dry throat, chest tightness and pain, diarrhea, lumbar spine pain, weakness of the lower limbs, coldness, and heat in the soles of the feet.
Beneficial foods for the kidneys include salt, Schisandra berry, cypress seeds, oyster shells, raspberries, chestnuts, yellow millet, pork, chicken, green onion, seaweed, black beans, persimmon, ginkgo nut, perilla seeds, ark shell, duck, ginger, and onion.
The Kidney performs various functions such as blood filtration, storing Jing (essence), and governing bones and bone marrow, which clearly explains why traditional medicine regards the Kidney as the “root of life” or “innate essence” (先天之精). Therefore, kidney health is considered the most important factor for overall vitality, longevity, and reproductive capacity.
The concept that “a deficiency of Jing means that the bone marrow is empty” and that this can lead to “brain abnormalities, causing amnesia, coldness, and a weak pulse” demonstrates a deep connection between Kidney Jing, bone marrow, and brain function. This provides a unique perspective in traditional medicine for diagnosing and treating cognitive dysfunction (amnesia) and thermoregulation problems (coldness) by linking them to Kidney Jing deficiency.
2.9 Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin (手厥陰心包經)
The Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin begins in the chest, emerges from the Pericardium (心包), descends to the diaphragm, and connects with the Upper, Middle, and Lower Energizers. Another branch goes from the chest to the hypochondriac region, passes under the armpit, follows the middle line of the arm to the tip of the middle finger. Additionally, a branch separates from the palm and extends along the lateral aspect of the ring finger to its tip, where it meets the Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang.
Key acupoints include Tianchi, Tianquan, Quze, Ximen, Jianshi, Neiguan, Daling, Laogong, and Zhongchong. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat palpitations, chest tightness, fullness in the chest and hypochondriac region, epigastric pain, arm spasms, and heat in the palms.
Beneficial foods for the pericardium include thistle, peony root bark, mulberry mushroom, buckwheat, oyster shells, cuttlefish bone, motherwort, water celery, sparrow meat, and mugwort.
The explanation that the Pericardium “envelops and protects the Heart from external influences” and “prevents harmful Qi from entering the Heart from outside” emphasizes that the Pericardium acts as a protective barrier for the Heart, which is central to life activities. This suggests that many heart-related symptoms may first manifest as Pericardium problems, providing an opportunity to resolve issues at an early stage without direct intervention on the Heart itself.
Furthermore, the concept that the Pericardium acts as a “membrane” to prevent the Heart and Lung from overheating indicates that the Pericardium is not merely a physical protective barrier but an energy regulator involved in internal heat regulation and maintaining energy balance between organs. This implies that the Pericardium plays a crucial role in maintaining thermal homeostasis within the body.
2.10 Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang (手少陽三焦經)
The Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang begins at the ulnar side of the tip of the ring finger, ascends over the wrist, passes along the lateral aspect of the arm between the ulna and radius, follows the middle line of the arm, and goes behind the shoulder. It then enters the supraclavicular fossa (Quepen) and distributes in the chest. At Danzhong acupoint, it divides into two branches: one connects with the Pericardium, passes through the diaphragm, and enters the Upper, Middle, and Lower Energizers. The other branch exits Danzhong acupoint, passes through the supraclavicular fossa, the nape of the neck, behind the ear, above the ear, and along the cheek to below the eye. Additionally, a small branch separates from behind the ear, enters the ear, exits anterior to the ear, and distributes on the face and outer canthus of the eye, where it meets the Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang.
Key acupoints include Guanchong, Yemen, Zhongzhu, Yangchi, Waiguan, Zhigou, Huizong, Sanyangluo, Sidu, Tianjing, Qinglengyuan, Xiaoluo, Naohui, Jianliao, Tianliao, Tianyou, Yifeng, Jimai, Luoxi, Jiaosun, Ermen, Heliao, and Sizhukong. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat hearing loss, throat swelling and pain, pain in the cheek and behind the ear, shoulder and arm pain, and motor dysfunction of the ring finger.
Beneficial foods for the Triple Energizer include beef bone marrow, melon, sesame oil, ginseng, yellow dog meat, quail eggs, green tangerine peel, lotus root, and pig intestines.
The explanation that the Triple Energizer is “heat (熱) with Qi (氣) movement” and acts “like a drainage system for circulating water and grains” indicates that the Triple Energizer plays a crucial role in regulating overall vital energy, water metabolism, and digestive function throughout the body. This means that although the Triple Energizer has no physical form, it is a functional system that is critical for maintaining overall harmony and balance in the body.
The division of the Triple Energizer into Upper Energizer (respiratory system, head), Middle Energizer (digestive system), and Lower Energizer (excretory system, reproductive system), each connected to specific Jangbu functions and symptoms (e.g., respiratory distress when the Upper Energizer is blocked, phlegm and indigestion when the Middle Energizer is blocked, and excretory problems when the Lower Energizer is blocked), suggests that the Triple Energizer provides a comprehensive framework for diagnosing and understanding systemic imbalances. This serves as an important guide for holistically understanding and treating complex symptoms that span multiple systems, rather than being confined to specific anatomical organs.
2.11 Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin (足厥陰肝經)
The Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin begins at the dorsum of the big toe, behind the toenail, passes over the dorsum of the foot and anterior to the medial malleolus, and ascends along the medial aspect of the leg. At the middle of the calf (8 cun above the medial malleolus), it crosses behind the Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin, then ascends along the medial aspect of the thigh, circles the pubic region, passes through the lower abdomen and above the stomach, enters the Liver, and connects with the Gallbladder. It then penetrates the diaphragm muscle, distributes in the hypochondriac region, and enters the Lung, where it meets the Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin. It then ascends along the posterior aspect of the throat, enters the nasopharynx, and connects with the Eye System (목계). From the Eye System, it divides into two branches: one descends and circles the lips, and the other ascends, passes over the forehead, and converges with the Governing Meridian at the vertex of the head.
Key acupoints include Dadun, Xingjian, Taichong, Zhongfeng, Ligou, Zhongdu, Siguan, Ququan, Yinbao, Zuwuli, Yinlian, Jimai, Zhangmen, and Qimen. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent or treat lumbar pain, hypochondriac distension and pain, chest fullness, vomiting, diarrhea, urinary retention, and abdominal distension in women.
Beneficial foods for the liver include ginger, castor bean seeds, sesame, dog meat, chive seeds, plum, barley, quince, deodeok, cassia seeds, plantain seeds, raspberries, cockscomb seeds, wheat, white part of green onion, sweet potato, motherwort, cabbage, and Lingzhi mushroom. The liver corresponds to Wood (木) in the Five Elements and prefers sour taste.
The Liver’s functions of “generating new blood, processing nutrients, and storing and regulating blood sugar,” along with the explanation that “if the liver is deficient in blood, it prefers to lie down and dislikes movement to gather blood, whereas if blood circulation in the liver is stagnant, it becomes agitated, likes to move around, gets irritable, excited, and easily angered, and is sensitive,” clearly demonstrate that the Liver plays a crucial role not only in blood metabolism but also in emotional regulation. This means that emotional states directly reflect and influence liver health.
The diagnostic principle in traditional medicine that “liver problems manifest in the eyes” shows a direct connection between the Liver and the eyes. The explanation that when liver heat manifests in the eyes, causing bloodshot eyes, consuming cold-natured foods like cockscomb seeds or cassia seeds can reduce the heat, provides specific diagnostic clues (eye symptoms) and treatment strategies (cold-natured herbs) for liver-related symptoms. This implies that the functional definition of the Liver includes the health of the eyes and muscles.
2.12 Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang (足少陽膽經)
The Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang begins at the outer canthus of the eye, circles the front and back of the ear (a branch separates from behind the ear, enters the ear, exits anterior to the ear, and extends to the outer canthus of the eye. Another branch exits from the outer canthus of the eye, passes the corner of the lower jaw, and goes below the eye, then turns towards the nape of the neck). From the lateral aspect of the nape of the neck, it enters the supraclavicular fossa (Quepen) and divides into two branches. One branch enters the chest, passes through the diaphragm muscle, connects with the Liver, and enters the Gallbladder. It then passes through the inguinal region, along the border of the pubic hair, and enters the hip joint laterally. The other branch passes through the armpit and distributes on the lateral aspect of the chest and abdomen. The two branches converge at the hip joint, descend along the middle line of the lateral aspect of the leg, pass the lateral malleolus, and reach the lateral tip of the fourth toe. A small branch then passes over the dorsum of the foot and reaches behind the toenail of the big toe, connecting with the Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin.
Key acupoints include Tongziliao, Tinghui, Shangguan, Hanyan, Xuanlu, Xuanli, Qubin, Shuai’gu, Tianchong, Fubai, Touqiaoyin, Wangu, Benshen, Yangbai, Toulinqi, Muchuang, Zhengying, Chengling, Naokong, Fengchi, Jianjing, Yuanye, Zhejinjin, Riyue, Jingmen, Daimai, Wushu, Weidao, Juliao, Huantiao, Fengshi, Zhongdu, Xiyangguan, Yanglingquan, Yangjiao, Waiqiu, Guangming, Yangfu, Xuanzhong, Qiuxu, Zulinqi, Diwuhui, Xiaxi, and Zuqiaoyin. Acupoints on this meridian can prevent and treat alternating chills and fever, bitter taste in the mouth, hypochondriac pain, migraine, malaria, and pain or motor dysfunction in the thigh, knee, lateral calf, and fourth toe.
Beneficial foods for the gallbladder include water celery, quince, sweet potato, and cabbage.
The Gallbladder’s function of “governing judgment,” along with the fact that the Gallbladder meridian “governs the lateral aspects of our body,” indicates that the Gallbladder plays a unique role in simultaneously regulating mental decisiveness and lateral body movements. This means that impaired judgment or pain in the lateral body parts can be signs of gallbladder imbalance.
The close relationship between the Liver and Gallbladder, stating that they “form a pair,” and the explanation that bile plays a crucial role in fat digestion and that reduced bile secretion can cause jaundice, clearly demonstrate the interdependence of these two organs. This emphasizes the importance of treating liver and gallbladder problems together and indicates that symptoms like jaundice are directly related to bile flow.
Table 2: Summary of Twelve Meridians
| Meridian (經脈) | Biao-Li Meridian | Summary of Main Circulation Pathway | Main Related Jangbu | Main Pathologies & Symptoms | Five Elements (五行) |
| Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin | Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming | Middle Energizer-Lung-medial arm-thumb | Lung | Cough, asthma, chest tightness, arm pain | Metal (金) |
| Large Intestine Meridian of Hand-Yangming | Lung Meridian of Hand-Taiyin | Index finger-dorsum of hand-arm-shoulder-face-Large Intestine | Large Intestine | Tooth pain, throat swelling, nasal obstruction, arm pain | Metal (金) |
| Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming | Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin | Sides of nose-eye-face-neck-abdomen-leg-second toe | Stomach | Headache, facial paralysis, abdominal pain, leg pain | Earth (土) |
| Spleen Meridian of Foot-Taiyin | Stomach Meridian of Foot-Yangming | Big toe-ankle-medial leg-Spleen-tongue | Spleen | Indigestion, diarrhea, heavy body, cold lower limbs | Earth (土) |
| Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin | Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang | Heart-Lung-armpit-medial arm-little finger | Heart | Chest pain, insomnia, mental anxiety, hot palms | Fire (火) |
| Small Intestine Meridian of Hand-Taiyang | Heart Meridian of Hand-Shaoyin | Little finger-posterior arm-shoulder-Small Intestine-eye | Small Intestine | Hearing loss, throat pain, shoulder arm pain | Fire (火) |
| Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang | Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin | Eye-head-back-lumbar-posterior leg-little finger | Bladder | Headache, spinal pain, lumbar pain, lower limb paralysis | Water (水) |
| Kidney Meridian of Foot-Shaoyin | Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang | Little toe-sole-Kidney-root of tongue | Kidney | Asthma, dizziness, lumbar pain, lower limb weakness | Water (水) |
| Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin | Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang | Chest-Pericardium-middle arm-middle finger | Pericardium | Palpitations, chest tightness, arm spasms | Minor Fire (小火) |
| Triple Energizer Meridian of Hand-Shaoyang | Pericardium Meridian of Hand-Jueyin | Ring finger-wrist-lateral arm-Triple Energizer-ear-eye | Triple Energizer | Hearing loss, throat pain, shoulder arm pain | Minor Fire (小火) |
| Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin | Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang | Big toe-dorsum of foot-Liver-Gallbladder-eye-head | Liver | Lumbar pain, hypochondriac pain, vomiting, diarrhea | Wood (木) |
| Gallbladder Meridian of Foot-Shaoyang | Liver Meridian of Foot-Jueyin | Eye-ear-neck-Gallbladder-lateral leg-fourth toe | Gallbladder | Migraine, hypochondriac pain, malaria, leg pain | Wood (木) |
3. Understanding the Eight Extraordinary Meridians
The Eight Extraordinary Meridians are special meridians that regulate and store the Qi and Blood of the Twelve Meridians, playing a crucial role in maintaining the overall Yin-Yang balance of the body. In particular, the Ren (Conception) and Du (Governing) meridians flow along the midline of the body, overseeing all Yin and Yang meridians, respectively, and are thus called the “Sea of Yin Meridians” and the “Sea of Yang Meridians.”
3.1 Ren Meridian (任脈): Sea of Yin Meridians
The Ren Meridian runs along the midline of the chest and abdomen, overseeing all Yin meridians of the body, hence it is called the ‘Sea of Yin Meridians’. It also carries the meaning of ‘conception and nourishment’ (姙養), and since it originates from the uterus (胞中), it is said to govern ‘fetal development’ (胞胎) in women.
Key acupoints include Huiyin, Qugu, Zhongji, Guanyuan, Shimen, Qihai, Yinjiao, Shenque, Shuifen, Xiawan, Jianli, Zhongwan, Shangwan, Juque, Jiuwei, Zhongting, Danzhong, Yutang, Zigong, Huagai, Xuanji, Tiantu, Lianquan, and Chengjiang. Acupoints on the Ren Meridian can prevent and treat conditions such as enuresis (bedwetting), male seminal emission, leukorrhea in women, abdominal masses, irregular menstruation, miscarriage, and infertility. It is primarily used for diseases of the throat, chest and abdomen, umbilical region, reproductive system, urinary system, digestive system, and cold-type illnesses.
3.2 Du Meridian (督脈): Sea of Yang Meridians
The Du Meridian, meaning ‘to supervise and govern,’ runs along the midline of the back and oversees all Yang meridians of the body, hence it is also called the ‘Sea of Yang Meridians’. It begins at Baozhong acupoint, passes through Huiyin (perineum), ascends along the lumbar and back regions to the nape of the neck, and enters the brain. It then passes over the nape of the neck, follows the midline of the head, passes over the vertex, forehead, nose, and upper lip, and ends inside the upper lip. There is also a branch that connects with the Kidney and passes through the Heart.
Key acupoints include Changqiang, Yaoshu, Yaoyangguan, Mingmen, Xuanzhu, Sizhong, Zhongshu, Jinshu, Zhiyang, Lingtai, Shendao, Shenzhu, Taodao, Dazhui, Yammen, Fengfu, Naohu, Qiangjian, Houjing, Baihui, Qianjing, Xinhui, Shangxing, Shenting, Suliao, Shuigou, Duiduan, and Yinjiao. Acupoints on the Du Meridian can prevent and treat conditions such as spinal stiffness and pain, mental disorders, paralysis of limbs, limb spasms, speech impediment due to stroke, and infantile convulsions. It is widely used for various diseases, including those of the brain and heat-related illnesses, Lung, Heart, Pericardium, Liver, Gallbladder, Spleen, Stomach disorders, spinal, back, lumbar, and leg disorders, and Kidney, Bladder, Large Intestine, and Small Intestine disorders.
4. Classification of Key Acupoints and Treatment Principles
Acupoints are distributed along the meridians and serve as entry and exit points for Qi and Blood. In traditional medicine, acupoints are classified in various ways based on their function and location, and each classification has specific treatment principles.
4.1 Five Shu Points (五輸穴)
The Five Shu Points classify specific acupoints from the beginning of a meridian to the elbow or knee joint, likening the flow of meridian Qi to the flow of water. These points are categorized into five types: Jing-Well, Ying-Spring, Shu-Stream, Jing-River, and He-Sea. Each point is assigned to one of the Five Elements (Wood, Fire, Earth, Metal, Water), and the elemental assignment differs between Yin and Yang meridians.
- Jing-Well Points (井穴): Where the Qi of the meridian begins to emerge, like water bubbling from a well. Primarily used for febrile diseases, coma, mental disorders, and pain at the extremities of the limbs.
- Ying-Spring Points (滎穴): Where the Qi flows like a trickling spring. Primarily used for febrile diseases, vexation (chest tightness), and joint pain.
- Shu-Stream Points (輸穴): Where the Qi gathers. Primarily used for heavy body sensation, joint pain, and spleen/stomach disorders.
- Jing-River Points (經穴): Where the Qi flows like a river. Primarily used for cough, asthma, sore throat, and febrile diseases.
- He-Sea Points (合穴): Where the Qi converges deeply, like rivers flowing into the sea. Primarily used for diseases of the six Fu organs, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and joint pain.
4.2 Yuan-Source Points (原穴)
Yuan-Source points are specific acupoints, one for each of the twelve meridians, where the Yuan Qi (original Qi) of the corresponding Jangbu gathers. When there is a disease in a Jangbu, abnormal reactions appear at its Yuan-Source point, allowing for diagnosis of the cause of the illness. Yuan-Source points play a crucial role in regulating the function of the corresponding Jangbu and treating its diseases. For example, for liver pathologies such as headache, dizziness, hypochondriac pain, and bitter taste in the mouth, Taichong (太衝), the Yuan-Source point of the Liver, is selected.
Table 3: Yuan-Source Points (原穴)
| Zang (臟) | Yuan-Source Point (原穴) | Fu (腑) | Yuan-Source Point (原穴) |
| Lung (肺) | Taiyuan (太淵) | Large Intestine (大腸) | Hegu (合谷) |
| Pericardium (心包) | Daling (太陵) | Triple Energizer (三焦) | Yangchi (陽池) |
| Heart (心) | Shenmen (神門) | Small Intestine (小腸) | Wangu (腕骨) |
| Spleen (脾) | Taibai (太白) | Stomach (胃) | Chongyang (衝陽) |
| Liver (肝) | Taichong (太衝) | Gallbladder (膽) | Qiuxu (丘墟) |
| Kidney (腎) | Taixi (太谿) | Bladder (膀胱) | Jinggu (京骨) |
4.3 Luo-Connecting Points (絡穴)
Luo-Connecting points are acupoints located where the Luo-connecting vessels (絡脈) branch off from the twelve meridians. Luo-connecting vessels connect Biao-Li related meridians and help supplement deficiencies in Qi and Blood circulation. Luo-Connecting points treat not only pathologies of their own meridian but also those of their Biao-Li related meridian. Furthermore, Luo-Connecting points possess a self-regulating ability (自靜力), meaning that simply needling them, without tonifying or reducing, can naturally supplement deficiencies and reduce excesses.
Table 4: Luo-Connecting Points (絡穴)
| Meridian (經脈) | Luo-Connecting Point (絡穴) | Meridian (經脈) | Luo-Connecting Point (絡穴) | Meridian (經脈) | Luo-Connecting Point (絡穴) |
| Lung Meridian (肺經) | Lieque (列缺) | Kidney Meridian (腎經) | Dazhong (大鐘) | Gallbladder Meridian (膽經) | Guangming (光明) |
| Pericardium Meridian (心包經) | Neiguan (內關) | Large Intestine Meridian (大腸經) | Pianli (偏歷) | Bladder Meridian (膀胱經) | Feiyang (飛揚) |
| Heart Meridian (心經) | Tongli (通里) | Triple Energizer Meridian (三焦經) | Waiguan (外關) | Ren Meridian (任脈) | Jiuwei (鳩尾) |
| Spleen Meridian (脾經) | Gongsun (公孫) | Small Intestine Meridian (小腸經) | Zhizheng (支正) | Du Meridian (督脈) | Changqiang (長强) |
| Liver Meridian (肝經) | Ligou (蠡溝) | Stomach Meridian (胃經) | Fenglong (豊隆) | Spleen (脾) | Dabao (大包) |
4.4 Confluent Points (交會穴)
Confluent points are acupoints located where two or more meridians intersect or meet. Since the Qi of multiple meridians converges at these points, their therapeutic effect on the pathologies of these meridians can be more than double. For example, Sanyinjiao (三陰交) belongs to the Spleen meridian but also intersects with the Liver and Kidney meridians, thus it can treat diseases of the Liver and Kidney meridians as well.
Table 5: Examples of Confluent Points (交會穴)
| Acupoint Name (穴名) | Main Meridian (本經) | Confluent Meridians (交會經) | Acupoint Name (穴名) | Main Meridian (本經) | Confluent Meridians (交會經) |
| Jianyu (肩髃) | Large Intestine | Small Intestine, Yangqiao | Jianjing (肩井) | Gallbladder | Yangwei, Stomach, Triple Energizer |
| Yingxiang (迎香) | Large Intestine | Stomach | Fengchi (風池) | Gallbladder | Triple Energizer, Yangwei, Yangqiao |
| Xiaguan (下關) | Stomach | Gallbladder | Linqi (臨泣) | Gallbladder | Bladder, Yangwei |
| Juliao (巨髎) | Stomach | Yangqiao | Touwei (頭維) | Gallbladder | Stomach, Yangwei |
| Dicang (地倉) | Stomach | Ren, Yangqiao, Large Intestine | Tongziliao (瞳子髎) | Gallbladder | Yangwei, Small Intestine, Triple Energizer |
| Chengqi (承泣) | Stomach | Yangqiao, Ren | Qimen (期門) | Liver | Spleen, Yinwei |
| Sanyinjiao (三陰交) | Spleen | Liver, Kidney | Zhangmen (章門) | Liver | Gallbladder |
| Quanliao (顴髎) | Small Intestine | Triple Energizer | Shuigou (水溝) | Du | Large Intestine, Stomach |
| Naoshu (臑兪) | Small Intestine | Yangwei, Yangqiao | Baihui (百會) | Du | Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Triple Energizer, Stomach, Gallbladder, Bladder |
| Jinmen (金門) | Bladder | Yangwei | Fengfu (風府) | Du | Yangwei, Bladder |
| Shenmai (申脈) | Bladder | Yangqiao | Yammen (瘂門) | Du | Yangwei |
| Fuyang (跗陽) | Bladder | Yangqiao | Dazhui (大椎) | Du | Large Intestine, Small Intestine, Triple Energizer, Stomach, Gallbladder, Bladder |
| Fengmen (風門) | Bladder | Du | Taodao (陶道) | Du | Bladder |
| Dazhu (大杼) | Bladder | Small Intestine | Changqiang (長强) | Du | Kidney, Gallbladder |
| Jingming (睛明) | Bladder | Small Intestine, Stomach, Yinqiao, Yangqiao | Chengjiang (承漿) | Ren | Stomach, Du |
| Qixue (氣穴) | Kidney | Chong Meridian | Tiantu (天突) | Ren | Yinwei |
| Zhaohai (照海) | Kidney | Yinqiao | Danzhong (膻中) | Ren | Spleen, Kidney, Small Intestine, Triple Energizer |
| Zhubin (築賓) | Kidney | Yinwei | Guanyuan (關元) | Ren | Liver, Spleen, Kidney |
| Waiguan (外關) | Triple Energizer | Yangwei | Zhongwan (中脘) | Ren | Liver, Spleen, Kidney |
| Huantiao (環跳) | Gallbladder | Bladder | Xiawan (下脘) | Ren | Spleen |
4.5 Back-Shu Points (背腧穴)
Back-Shu points are acupoints where the Qi of the five Zang and six Fu organs flows into the back and lumbar region. These points treat pathologies of their corresponding Jangbu. They are all distributed along a line 1.5 cun lateral to the midline of the back and lumbar region of the Bladder Meridian of Foot-Taiyang, almost coinciding with the location of the internal organs. Abnormal reactions appearing at these Back-Shu points (nodules, depressions, tenderness, hypersensitivity, subcutaneous hemorrhage, changes in temperature or electrical resistance) reflect dysfunction of the corresponding Jangbu, thus allowing for diagnosis and treatment.
Table 6: Twelve Back-Shu Points (背腧穴)
| Zang (臟) | Shu Point (腧穴) | Fu (腑) | Shu Point (腧穴) |
| Lung (肺) | Feishu (肺腧) | Large Intestine (大腸) | Dachangshu (大腸腧) |
| Pericardium (心包) | Jueyinshu (厥陰腧) | Triple Energizer (三焦) | Sanjiaoshu (三焦腧) |
| Heart (心) | Xinshu (心腧) | Small Intestine (小腸) | Xiaochangshu (小腸腧) |
| Spleen (脾) | Pishu (脾腧) | Stomach (胃) | Weishu (胃腧) |
| Liver (肝) | Ganshu (肝腧) | Gallbladder (膽) | Danshu (膽腧) |
| Kidney (腎) | Shenshu (腎腧) | Bladder (膀胱) | Pangguangshu (膀胱腧) |
4.6 Front-Mu Points (募穴)
Front-Mu points are acupoints where the Qi of the Jangbu flows into the chest and abdomen. Front-Mu points treat pathologies of their corresponding Jangbu and are representative local points primarily used for treating acute diseases of the respective Jangbu. Front-Mu points are effective in treating diseases of their corresponding Jangbu and are often combined with their corresponding Back-Shu points to treat Jangbu pathologies. For example, for gallbladder pain, Riyue (日月), the Front-Mu point of the Gallbladder, is selected, and for difficulty urinating, Zhongji (中極), the Front-Mu point of the Bladder, is selected.
Table 7: Front-Mu Points (募穴)
| Zang (臟) | Mu Point (募穴) | Meridian Affiliation | Fu (腑) | Mu Point (募穴) | Meridian Affiliation |
| Lung (肺) | Zhongfu (中府) | Hand-Taiyin | Large Intestine (大腸) | Tianshu (天樞) | Foot-Yangming |
| Pericardium (心包) | Danzhong (膻中) | Ren Meridian | Triple Energizer (三焦) | Shimen (石門) | Ren Meridian |
| Heart (心) | Juque (巨闕) | Ren Meridian | Small Intestine (小腸) | Guanyuan (關元) | Ren Meridian |
| Spleen (脾) | Zhangmen (章門) | Foot-Jueyin | Stomach (胃) | Zhongwan (中脘) | Ren Meridian |
| Liver (肝) | Qimen (期門) | Foot-Jueyin | Gallbladder (膽) | Riyue (日月) | Foot-Shaoyang |
| Kidney (腎) | Jingmen (京門) | Foot-Shaoyang | Bladder (膀胱) | Zhongji (中極) | Ren Meridian |
5. General Principles and Methods of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment
Acupuncture and moxibustion are core methods for diagnosing and treating diseases in traditional medicine. They focus on regulating imbalances of Qi and Blood and facilitating the smooth flow of meridians to restore the body’s self-healing capacity.
5.1 General Principles of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment
Acupuncture and moxibustion treatment is based on Bian Zheng Shi Zhi (辨證施治), which involves comprehensively assessing the patient’s symptoms, constitution, and the cause of the illness to select appropriate treatment methods. To enhance therapeutic effects, the Yuan Jin Qu Xue Fa (遠近取穴法) is used, which combines acupoints near the affected area (proximal points) with those far from it (distal points). The Bu Xie Fa (補瀉法) is applied to regulate Qi and Blood imbalances, using tonifying methods (Bu Fa) for deficiency syndromes (Xu Zheng) where Qi and Blood are insufficient, and reducing methods (Xie Fa) for excess syndromes (Shi Zheng) where Qi and Blood are stagnant or excessive. Furthermore, Zhen Jiu Bing Yong (鍼灸幷用), the combined use of acupuncture and moxibustion, is employed to maximize therapeutic effects. The principle of Ji Ze Zhi Qi Biao (急則治其標), Huan Ze Zhi Qi Ben (緩則治其本) is followed: in acute stages, priority is given to treating the symptoms (Zhi Biao), while in chronic stages, the focus is on treating the root cause of the illness (Zhi Ben).
5.2 Bu Xie Fa (補瀉法)
Bu Xie Fa is a crucial technique that regulates the flow of Qi and Blood by adjusting the needling method and the intensity of stimulation.
- Bu Fa (補法): Used for deficiency syndromes (Xu Zheng) where Qi and Blood are insufficient, aiming to replenish Qi and Blood and strengthen Jangbu functions. Needles are inserted slowly, with gentle stimulation, retained for a longer period, or moxibustion is used concurrently to add warm stimulation.
- Xie Fa (瀉法): Used for excess syndromes (Shi Zheng) where Qi and Blood are stagnant or excessive, aiming to eliminate pathogenic factors (Xie Qi) and promote the smooth flow of Qi and Blood. Needles are inserted quickly, with strong stimulation, retained for a shorter period, or sometimes bleeding is induced.
5.3 Retaining Needles (留鍼)
Retaining needles is a technique where needles are inserted into acupoints and left in place for a certain period. This aims to sustain the stimulation of the needles, enhance therapeutic effects, and facilitate the regulation of Qi and Blood. Generally, needles are retained for about 15 to 30 minutes, but the retention time can be adjusted depending on the specific condition and the patient’s state. During retention, it is important to continuously monitor the patient for any discomfort or adverse reactions.
5.4 Moxibustion (灸)
Moxibustion is a treatment method that stimulates acupoints by burning mugwort or other medicinal substances to generate heat. The purpose of warm stimulation is to promote Qi and Blood circulation, dispel cold (Han Qi), relieve pain, and strengthen immunity. There are various methods, including direct moxibustion and indirect moxibustion, and the appropriate method is chosen based on the patient’s condition and the acupoint. It is essential to be careful about burns and to check the skin condition after moxibustion.
5.5 Acupuncture and Moxibustion Approaches for Representative Diseases
Acupuncture and moxibustion treatment for various diseases is tailored to the specific characteristics and causes of each condition.
- Common Cold (感冒): The common cold is caused by the invasion of external pathogenic wind-cold (風寒) or wind-heat (風熱). Treatment focuses on expelling wind-cold, resolving the exterior, and promoting the smooth flow of Lung Qi (肺氣). Key acupoints include Lieque (LU7), the Luo-connecting point of the Lung meridian, and Hegu (LI4), the Yuan-source point of the Large Intestine meridian, used to stop coughing and disperse wind-cold. Fengmen (BL12), the gateway for wind pathogens, and Fengchi (GB20), a confluent point of the Yangwei meridian, are also important acupoints. For accompanying symptoms like headache, nasal obstruction, and sore throat, Taiyang (EX-HN5), Yintang (EX-HN3), Yingxiang (LI20), and Shaoshang (LU11) are added to enhance therapeutic effects.
- Headache (頭痛): Headaches can arise from various causes, and treatment acupoints vary depending on the location of the pain. For generalized headache, Xie Fa (reducing method) is applied at Zusanli (ST36), Hegu (LI4), and Yanglingquan (GB34), and moxibustion is applied at Baihui (DU20) and Shenting (DU24). For vertex headache, Baihui (DU20), Lieque (LU7), Fengchi (GB20), and Taichong (LR3) are used. For migraine, Xuanzhong (GB39), Lieque (LU7), and Touwei (ST8) are utilized, and for occipital pain, Fengchi (GB20), Waiguan (SJ5), and Kunlun (BL60) are selected. Acupoints are chosen along the meridians according to the pain location, combining proximal and distal points, and selecting acupoints based on the pathogenic factor (e.g., wind-cold or wind-heat) is crucial.
- Vomiting (嘔吐): Vomiting is a symptom caused by rebellious Stomach Qi (胃氣上逆). The goal is to harmonize Stomach Qi, descend rebellious Qi, and stop vomiting. Zusanli (ST36) is a He-sea point of the Stomach meridian that facilitates Stomach Qi, and Neiguan (PC6) is a Luo-connecting point of the Pericardium meridian that harmonizes Stomach Qi and stops vomiting. For exogenous vomiting, Dazhui (DU14), Fengchi (GB20), and Hegu (LI4) are added, and for vomiting due to food stagnation, Xiawan (RN10) and Tianshu (ST25) are added, combining acupoints according to the cause.
- Stomach Pain (胃痛): Stomach pain can be caused by various factors such as cold pathogens (Han Xie), food stagnation, Liver Qi invading the Stomach, or Spleen-Stomach deficiency. Treatment focuses on harmonizing the Stomach, regulating Qi, and relieving pain. Zusanli (ST36), Zhongwan (RN12), and Neiguan (PC6) help facilitate Stomach Qi and harmonize the Spleen and Stomach, and relieve chest discomfort to stop pain. For stomach pain due to Liver Qi invading the Stomach, Qimen (LR14) and Yanglingquan (GB34) are used to soothe Liver Qi and regulate Qi to stop pain. For Spleen-Stomach cold-deficiency type stomach pain, Pishu (BL20) and Weishu (BL21) are used to tonify Spleen-Stomach function and dispel cold pathogens.
- Diarrhea (泄瀉): Diarrhea is caused by Spleen-Stomach dysfunction. Acute diarrhea is primarily caused by dampness (Shi), while chronic diarrhea is mainly due to Spleen-Stomach deficiency. Treatment aims to regulate intestinal function, strengthen the Spleen and Stomach, warm the Kidney, and promote the smooth flow of Liver Qi. Zhongwan (RN13), Tianshu (ST25), Zusanli (ST36), and Shangjuxu (ST37) regulate the Stomach’s transformation and transportation functions and facilitate Qi movement. For cold-damp diarrhea, Hegu (LI4) and Yinlingquan (SP9) are added, and for damp-heat diarrhea, Quchi (LI11) and Neiting (ST44) are added, combining acupoints according to the cause. For chronic diarrhea, for Spleen-Stomach deficiency, Weishu (BL21) and Taibai (SP3) are added, and for Kidney Yang deficiency, Shenshu (BL23), Guanyuan (RN4), and Mingmen (DU4) are added, selecting acupoints according to deficiency and excess.
- Arthritis (關節炎): Arthritis is characterized by pain, numbness, swelling, and restricted movement in the muscles and joints, caused by pathogenic factors obstructing the meridians and impeding the smooth flow of Qi and Blood. Treatment aims to unblock the meridians, dispel wind-cold-damp pathogens (Feng Han Shi Xie), and relieve swelling and pain according to the affected area. For shoulder pain, Jianyu (LI15), Quchi (LI11), and Waiguan (SJ5) are used. For knee pain, Dubi (ST35), Xiyan (EX-LE4), and Zusanli (ST36) are selected, and needling from Yanglingquan (GB34) to Yinlingquan (SP9) is performed. Acupoints are chosen based on the pain location, combining proximal and distal points. For pathogenic factors like wind (Feng), cold (Han), dampness (Shi), and heat (Re), acupoints such as Fengchi (GB20), Shenshu (BL23), Zusanli (ST36), and Dazhui (DU14) are added for treatment.
6. Conclusion and Integrated Health Management Suggestions
Korean Traditional Medicine understands the human body as an integrated system where Jangbu, meridians, food, and mental activities are organically interconnected, approaching disease development and treatment from a holistic perspective. Each Jangbu has unique functions and Five-Element properties, which circulate Qi and Blood throughout the body via meridians. Food acts as medicine to regulate Jangbu functions, and mental activities directly influence Jangbu functions.
This integrated understanding gives profound meaning to diagnosis and treatment in traditional medicine. Specific symptoms are interpreted not merely as problems in the affected area but as systemic imbalances of Qi and Blood or issues in the interactions between Jangbu. For example, the cause of digestive problems might be stress or specific emotions, and liver problems can manifest as eye or muscle symptoms. Furthermore, the concept of Jangbu without physical form but with functional importance, such as the Pericardium and Triple Energizer, demonstrates traditional medicine’s deep understanding of the body’s energy flow and systemic regulation.
From this perspective, an integrated approach is necessary to maintain health and treat diseases:
- Understanding Jangbu and Meridians: Understand your constitution and the strengths and weaknesses of your Jangbu, and learn the circulation pathways of each meridian and the functions of key acupoints to apply them in daily health management.
- Personalized Dietary Therapy: Identify the properties and benefits of foods beneficial for each Jangbu, and choose foods appropriate for your health condition and constitution. Recognize that food is an important means of disease prevention and treatment beyond mere nutritional intake, prioritizing seasonal and locally produced foods.
- Mental Health Management: Be aware of the impact of emotional factors such as stress, anger, and depression on physical health, and maintain mental stability through meditation, hobbies, and sufficient rest. This is essential for preventing Jangbu dysfunction and promoting overall health.
- Utilization of Acupuncture and Moxibustion: Acupuncture and moxibustion are effective methods for regulating Qi and Blood imbalances and facilitating meridian flow. With professional diagnosis, understand the acupoints and treatment methods suitable for your symptoms and seek expert help when necessary.
In conclusion, Korean Traditional Medicine views the human body as a complex and dynamic integrated entity, analyzing the causes of disease from multiple layers and aiming for holistic treatment. This profound understanding provides important guidance for modern health management and can contribute to pursuing a balanced life through the organic connection of Jangbu, meridians, food, and mental activities.